If a patient presents with calf tenderness and swelling, what is likely on the differential diagnosis?

When evaluating a patient with calf tenderness and swelling, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a leading consideration on the differential diagnosis due to its defining characteristics. DVT typically presents with unilateral leg swelling and pain, often localized in the calf. This condition arises from the formation of a thrombus in the deep veins, and it can result in significant complications including pulmonary embolism if not identified and treated promptly.

In the context of calf swelling and tenderness, DVT presents a classic scenario that matches the clinical picture, making it a high-priority entity to rule out. The presence of risk factors such as recent surgery, immobility, or history of clotting disorders further supports the likelihood of this diagnosis.

Heart failure may lead to leg edema; however, it typically presents bilaterally and is more characterized by systemic symptoms such as shortness of breath and fluid overload. Nephrotic syndrome also causes swelling due to protein loss and resultant hypoalbuminemia but again generally affects both legs in a more diffuse manner along with urinary symptoms. Peripheral vascular disease primarily leads to ischemic changes and claudication rather than isolated calf tenderness and swelling, focusing more on pain induced by exertion due to low blood flow.

Thus, deep vein thrombosis